Exam questions (Biology & Genetics, General Medicine)

Current list of exam questions

 Alternative list of sorted exam questions (triplets)

1. Fundamental laws of genetics

2. Dihybridism

3. Additive model of polygenic inheritance

4. Interaction of non-allelic genes

5. Genetic linkage

6. Genotype variation, mutations and recombination

7. Gene-environment interactions

8. Inheritance of multifactorial traits and diseases in man

9. Heritability, methods and importance of its assessment in medicine

10. Multifactorial diseases, disorders, and traits in man

11. Genealogical method

12. Autosomal dominant inheritance in pedigree and experiment, examples of traits in man

13. Autosomal recessive inheritance in pedigree and experiment, examples of traits in man

14. Gonosomal inheritance in pedigree and experiment, examples of traits in man

15. Twins and twin studies in genetics

16. Genetic methods of linkage analysis

17. Genetic methods of association analysis

18. Genetic analysis methods in experimental and human genetics

19. Genetic mapping in man

20. Genetic maps and their importance

21. Structure and function of eukaryotic cell

22. The cell cycle, its regulation and disturbances

23. Cell signaling

24. Mitosis, its regulation and disturbances

25. Meiosis, its regulation and disturbances

26. Crossing-over, its mechanism and importance

27. Gametogenesis

28. Extranuclear inheritance

29. Non-Mendelian inheritance

30. Structure and types of the eukaryotic chromosomes

31. Methods of chromosomal examination

32. Molecular cytogenetics

33. Human karyotype, methods of its examination

34. Abnormalities in chromosome number, their causes and clinical presentation in man

35. Abnormalities in chromosome structure, their causes and clinical presentation in man

36. Germ cell and somatic cell chromosome mutations

37. Etiology of chromosomal aberrations

38. Autosomal aneuploidy syndromes in man

39. Gonosomal aneuploidy syndromes in man

40. Indications for chromosome analysis in clinical genetics

41. DNA - structure and function

42. RNA - types, structure and function

43. DNA replication

44. Transcription, post-transcriptional processing of RNA in eukaryotes

45. Translation, post-translational processing of proteins in eukaryotes

46. The genetic code

47. Structure and function of a gene

48. Protein coding and non-coding sequences of DNA

49. Regulation of transcription in eukaryotes

50. Translation of membrane and secretory proteins (protein sorting, targeting)

51. Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes

52. Epigenetics, genetic imprinting

53. Polymorphisms of nucleic acids

54. Methods of nucleic acid analysis

55. Recombinant DNA and genetic engineering

56. Gene mutations, types and manifestation

57. Mutagens and mutagenesis, mutagenicity testing

58. Reparation mechanisms of the cell and their genetic control

59. Reparation mechanisms of nucleic acids

60. Molecular basis of genetic diseases

61. Proteins and their function, genetic polymorphism of proteins

62. Genetics of human hemoglobins

63. Hemoglobinopathies

64. Inborn errors of metabolism

65. Genetic information of mitochondria, mitochondrial diseases

66. Direct diagnostics of hereditary diseases by nucleic acid analysis

67. Indirect diagnostics of hereditary diseases by nucleic acid analysis

68. Physical mapping of DNA

69. Map of human genome, Human Genome Project, results and significance

70. Gene therapy - principles, current possibilities, perspectives

71. Principles of therapy of heritable diseases

72. Genetics and clinical importance of blood group systems

73. Genetics and clinical importance of Rh system

74. The cells of immune system, immunophenotyping

75. Genetic control of immune response

76. Genetic control of antibody production

77. Immune response (antigen recognition, cell cooperation)

78. Genetics of immunoglobulins, B-cell and T-cell receptors

79. Genetics of transplantations, transplantation rules, histocompatibility systems

80. Major histocompatibility complex of man

81. Immunotolerance and possibilities of its induction

82. Genetic aspects of immune system function related to cancer

83. Hereditary immunodeficiencies

84. Structure and function of the prokaryotic cell

85. Importance and structure of prokaryotic chromosomes

86. Biology and genetics of bacteria, importance in medicine

87. Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes

88. Transcription and translation in prokaryotes

89. Conjugation, transformation, transduction

90. Biology and genetics of viruses, importance in medicine

91. Ontogenesis and its genetic control

92. Genetic determination of body plan in development

93. Chromosomal determination of sex

94. Ontogenesis of sex in mammals and its disturbances

95. Apoptosis, clinical outcomes of its dysregulation

96. Apoptosis, genetic control and importance in development

97. Genetic aspects of aging and death

98. Teratogenesis, teratogens

99. Environmental mutagens and teratogens

100. Inborn errors of development in human, examples, classification

101. Genetic aspects of populations, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

102. Selection, its types

103. Inbreeding, consanguineous marriages and their risks

104. Population polymorphisms and their causes

105. Mutations in population genetics, frequency of mutations

106. Migration, gene flow

107. Structure of populations, genetic drift, importance for evolution

108. Characteristics of cancer cells

109. Characteristics of tumor growth

110. Causes of tumors, carcinogenesis, carcinogens

111. Proto-oncogenes, oncogenes

112. Tumor suppressor genes

113. Mutator genes, genome stability

114. Chromosomal aberrations in cancer cells

115. Hereditary cancer, cancer in families

116. Genetics in presymptomatic diagnostics and prevention of cancer

117. Gene therapy of cancer

118. Genetic mechanisms of evolution

119. Species and speciation

120. Evolution of genes and genomes

121. Origin and evolution of species

122. Evolution of Homo sapiens

123. Aims of medical genetics

124. Ethical and legal aspects of medical genetics

125. Genetic consultation and it importance

126. Postnatal screening of heritable diseases

127. Prenatal screening of inborn errors of development

128. Prenatal diagnostics of heritable diseases, possibilities of prevention

129. Prenatal diagnostics of chromosomal aberrations, possibilities of prevention

130. Prenatal diagnostics of inborn errors of development, possibilities of prevention

131. Pre-conception prevention of heritable and inborn diseases

132. Postnatal prevention and therapy of heritable and inborn diseases

133. Ecology, ecogenetics

134. Pharmacogenetics, nutrigenetics