Exam questions (Biology & Genetics, Dentistry)

1. Genotype and its variability, mutation, recombination

Genetic control of antibody production

Prevention and early diagnostics of congenital anomalies


2. Genotype and environment

Mitosis, its regulation and defects

The inheritance and biological importance of blood group systems


3. Methods of genetic analysis in experimental and human genetics

Structure and reproduction of bacteria, importance for medicine

The inheritance and biological importance of Rh system


4. Fundamental laws of genetics, Mendel's experiments

Cell cycle, its regulation and defects

Human major histocompatibility complex


5. Genealogy method

DNA - structure and function

Immunocompetent cells


6. Autosomal dominant inheritance in experiment and pedigrees, examples of human traits

RNA - types, structure and function

Genetic control of immune response


7. Autosomal recessive inheritance in experiment and pedigrees, examples of human traits

Gene structure and function

Transplantation rules


8. Gonosomal inheritance in experiment and pedigrees, examples of human traits

DNA replication

Detection and prevention of chromosomal aberrations


9. Multifactorial inheritance

Genetic code

Indication of chromosomal analysis


10. Human traits with multifactorial inheritance

Protein-coding and non-coding DNA sequences

Genetics of transplantations, transplantation rules, histocompatibility systems


11. Heritability and significance of its assessment in medicine

Translation, post-translational protein modifications

Syndromes of autosomal aneuploidies


12. Dihybridism, interaction of non-allelic genes, polyhybridism

Transcription and post-transcriptional modifications of RNA in Eukaryotes

Environmental mutagenic and teratogenic factors


13. Multiple alleles

Genetics of aging and death

Aims and mission of medical genetics


14. Genetic linkage

Regulation of gene function in Prokaryotes

Preconception prevention of congenital anomalies and genetic disorders


15. Genetic methods of linkage analysis

Gene mutation, types and manifestation

Tumorigenesis, cancerogenesis, cancerogens


16. Crossing-over, its mechanism and importance

Regulation of gene function in Eukaryotes

Genetic screening


17. Molecular basis of heritable disease

Somatic and gametic (germline) chromosomal aberrations

Genetic counseling and its importance


18. Chromosomal aneuploidies

Mutagens a mutagenesis, testing of mutagenicity

Characteristics of cancer development


19. Extrachromosomal inheritance, non-Mendelian inheritance

Reparation mechanisms of nucleic acids

Ethical and legal aspects of medical genetics


20. The importance and structure of Eukaryotic chromosomes

The inborn errors of metabolism

Population genetics, C-H-W equilibrium


21. Population polymorphisms and their causes

Methods of nucleic acids analysis

Chromosomal aberrations in etiology of neoplasia


22. Inbreeding, consanguineous marriage and its risks

Chromosome number and structure, techniques of examination

Ontogenesis of sex in mammals and its defects


23. Prenatal diagnostics of congenital anomalies

Transcription and post-transcriptional modifications of RNA in Prokaryotes

Teratogenesis, teratogens


24. Small populations - genetic drift, importance for evolution

Haemoglobinopathies

Inherited diseases of development in man, examples, partition according to causes


25. Meiosis, its regulation and defects

Conjugation, transformation, transduction

Reparation mechanisms of the organism and their genetic control


26. Gametogenesis

Direct and indirect diagnostics of genetic disorders by nucleic acid analysis

Causes of chromosomal aberration


27. Genealogical methods

The importance and structure of chromosomes of Prokaryotes

Prenatal diagnostics


28. Human karyotype, methods of its examination

Structure and function of Eukaryotic cell

Characteristics of cancer cells


29. Aberrations of chromosome number, their causes and clinical presentation

Cell signaling pathways

Familial tumors


30. Syndromes of gonosome aneuploidies

Tumor-supressor genes

Structure and function of Prokaryotes


31. Aberrations affecting chromosome structure

Protooncogenes, oncogenes

Cultivation of cells and tissues in vitro, importance in medicine


32. Chromosomal sex determination

Genetic regulation in multicellular organisms

Prenatal screening of congenital anomalies


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