Exam questions (Biology & Genetics, General Medicine)

Current list of exam questions

 Alternative list of sorted exam questions (triplets)

    1. Fundamental laws of genetics

    2. Dihybridism

    3. Additive model of polygenic inheritance

    4. Interaction of non-allelic genes

    5. Genetic linkage

    6. Genotype variation, mutations and recombination

    7. Gene-environment interactions

    8. Inheritance of multifactorial traits and diseases in man

    9. Heritability, methods and importance of its assessment in medicine

    10. Multifactorial diseases, disorders, and traits in man

    11. Genealogical method

    12. Autosomal dominant inheritance in pedigree and experiment, examples of traits in man

    13. Autosomal recessive inheritance in pedigree and experiment, examples of traits in man

    14. Gonosomal inheritance in pedigree and experiment, examples of traits in man

    15. Twins and twin studies in genetics

    16. Genetic methods of linkage analysis

    17. Genetic methods of association analysis

    18. Genetic analysis methods in experimental and human genetics

    19. Genetic mapping in man

    20. Genetic maps and their importance

    21. Structure and function of eukaryotic cell

    22. The cell cycle, its regulation and disturbances

    23. Cell signaling

    24. Mitosis, its regulation and disturbances

    25. Meiosis, its regulation and disturbances

    26. Crossing-over, its mechanism and importance

    27. Gametogenesis

    28. Extranuclear inheritance

    29. Non-Mendelian inheritance

    30. Structure and types of the eukaryotic chromosomes

    31. Methods of chromosomal examination

    32. Molecular cytogenetics

    33. Human karyotype, methods of its examination

    34. Abnormalities in chromosome number, their causes and clinical presentation in man

    35. Abnormalities in chromosome structure, their causes and clinical presentation in man

    36. Germ cell and somatic cell chromosome mutations

    37. Etiology of chromosomal aberrations

    38. Autosomal aneuploidy syndromes in man

    39. Gonosomal aneuploidy syndromes in man

    40. Indications for chromosome analysis in clinical genetics

    41. DNA - structure and function

    42. RNA - types, structure and function

    43. DNA replication

    44. Transcription, post-transcriptional processing of RNA in eukaryotes

    45. Translation, post-translational processing of proteins in eukaryotes

    46. The genetic code

    47. Structure and function of a gene

    48. Protein coding and non-coding sequences of DNA

    49. Regulation of transcription in eukaryotes

    50. Translation of membrane and secretory proteins (protein sorting, targeting)

    51. Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes

    52. Epigenetics, genetic imprinting

    53. Polymorphisms of nucleic acids

    54. Methods of nucleic acid analysis

    55. Recombinant DNA and genetic engineering

    56. Gene mutations, types and manifestation

    57. Mutagens and mutagenesis, mutagenicity testing

    58. Reparation mechanisms of the cell and their genetic control

    59. Reparation mechanisms of nucleic acids

    60. Molecular basis of genetic diseases

    61. Proteins and their function, genetic polymorphism of proteins

    62. Genetics of human hemoglobins

    63. Hemoglobinopathies

    64. Inborn errors of metabolism

    65. Genetic information of mitochondria, mitochondrial diseases

    66. Direct diagnostics of hereditary diseases by nucleic acid analysis

    67. Indirect diagnostics of hereditary diseases by nucleic acid analysis

    68. Physical mapping of DNA

    69. Map of human genome, Human Genome Project, results and significance

    70. Gene therapy - principles, current possibilities, perspectives

    71. Principles of therapy of heritable diseases

    72. Genetics and clinical importance of blood group systems

    73. Genetics and clinical importance of Rh system

    74. The cells of immune system, immunophenotyping

    75. Genetic control of immune response

    76. Genetic control of antibody production

    77. Immune response (antigen recognition, cell cooperation)

    78. Genetics of immunoglobulins, B-cell and T-cell receptors

    79. Genetics of transplantations, transplantation rules, histocompatibility systems

    80. Major histocompatibility complex of man

    81. Immunotolerance and possibilities of its induction

    82. Genetic aspects of immune system function related to cancer

    83. Hereditary immunodeficiencies

    84. Structure and function of the prokaryotic cell

    85. Importance and structure of prokaryotic chromosomes

    86. Biology and genetics of bacteria, importance in medicine

    87. Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes

    88. Transcription and translation in prokaryotes

    89. Conjugation, transformation, transduction

    90. Biology and genetics of viruses, importance in medicine

    91. Ontogenesis and its genetic control

    92. Genetic determination of body plan in development

    93. Chromosomal determination of sex

    94. Ontogenesis of sex in mammals and its disturbances

    95. Apoptosis, clinical outcomes of its dysregulation

    96. Apoptosis, genetic control and importance in development

    97. Genetic aspects of aging and death

    98. Teratogenesis, teratogens

    99. Environmental mutagens and teratogens

    100. Inborn errors of development in human, examples, classification

    101. Genetic aspects of populations, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

    102. Selection, its types

    103. Inbreeding, consanguineous marriages and their risks

    104. Population polymorphisms and their causes

    105. Mutations in population genetics, frequency of mutations

    106. Migration, gene flow

    107. Structure of populations, genetic drift, importance for evolution

    108. Characteristics of cancer cells

    109. Characteristics of tumor growth

    110. Causes of tumors, carcinogenesis, carcinogens

    111. Proto-oncogenes, oncogenes

    112. Tumor suppressor genes

    113. Mutator genes, genome stability

    114. Chromosomal aberrations in cancer cells

    115. Hereditary cancer, cancer in families

    116. Genetics in presymptomatic diagnostics and prevention of cancer

    117. Gene therapy of cancer

    118. Genetic mechanisms of evolution

    119. Species and speciation

    120. Evolution of genes and genomes

    121. Origin and evolution of species

    122. Evolution of Homo sapiens

    123. Aims of medical genetics

    124. Ethical and legal aspects of medical genetics

    125. Genetic consultation and it importance

    126. Postnatal screening of heritable diseases

    127. Prenatal screening of inborn errors of development

    128. Prenatal diagnostics of heritable diseases, possibilities of prevention

    129. Prenatal diagnostics of chromosomal aberrations, possibilities of prevention

    130. Prenatal diagnostics of inborn errors of development, possibilities of prevention

    131. Pre-conception prevention of heritable and inborn diseases

    132. Postnatal prevention and therapy of heritable and inborn diseases

    133. Ecology, ecogenetics

    134. Pharmacogenetics, nutrigenetics


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